From Algorithms to Pedagogy: A Web of Science-Based Bibliometric Study of Artificial Intelligence in English Reading Education

Authors

  • Zhou Bo
  • Lim Seong Pek
  • Nahdia Kabir
  • Mohamed Bouteraa
  • M. Zaini Miftah
  • P. Prasantham

Keywords:

artificial intelligence; English reading education; bibliometric analysis; TAM

Abstract

The swift advancement of artificial intelligence (AI) has reshaped English reading education by enabling automation, personalization, and intelligent feedback. This study examined the intellectual structure, thematic evolution, and emerging research fronts of AI in English reading education from 2021 to 2025. A bibliometric analysis of 279 peer-reviewed articles from the Web of Science (WoS) Core Collection was conducted using VOSviewer and CiteSpace. Results showed steady growth in research productivity and citation impact, with 2,091 citations and an H-index of 22. Bibliographic coupling identified three major intellectual streams: educational applications, technological algorithms, and cross-disciplinary extensions involving AI-enhanced readability, text complexity, and English for Medical Purposes. Keyword co-occurrence analysis revealed three thematic clusters focusing on AI-supported comprehension, deep-learning-driven machine reading comprehension (MRC) and natural language processing (NLP), and machine-learning-based readability research. Burst detection further indicated a shift from computational mechanisms such as “question answering” and “deep learning” toward pedagogical perspectives including “education,” “reading skills,” and “large language models.” Drawing on the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), this study interpreted this transformation as a socio-technical process and provided transferable implications for responsible AI integration in English reading education.

https://doi.org/10.26803/ijlter.25.6.13

References

Alarifi, S., AlSahli, M. M., & Alghizzi, T. M. (2025). Assessing EFL undergraduates’ attitudes, engagement, and satisfaction toward the use of artificial intelligence in enhancing reading comprehension. Arab World English Journal (AWEJ) Special Issue on AI and Language Education, 7, 1–18. https://doi.org/10.24093/awej/AI.7

An, G. (2024). Domestication and foreignisation in translation studies: A bibliometric analysis of WoS core journal articles. Journal of Intercultural Communication, 24(4). https://doi.org/10.36923/jicc.v24i4.933

Baradaran, R., Ghiasi, R., & Amirkhani, H. (2022). A survey on machine reading comprehension systems. Natural Language Engineering, 28(6), 683-732. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1351324921000395

Bo, Z., Pek, L. S., Cong, W., Tiannan, L., Krishnasamy, H. N., Ne’matullah, K. F., & Arar, H. (2025a). Transforming translation education: A bibliometric analysis of artificial intelligence’s role in fostering sustainable development. International Journal of Learning, Teaching and Educational Research, 24(3), 9. https://doi.org/10.26803/ijlter.24.3.9

Bo, Z., Pek, L. S., Jian, L., Cong, W., & Nan, L. T. (2025b). The use of artificial intelligence tools in English academic writing among university students: A scoping review. Language Teaching Research Quarterly, 53, 95–114. https://doi.org/10.32038/ltrq.2025.53.05

Boscardin, C. K., Gin, B., Golde, P. B., & Hauer, K. E. (2024). ChatGPT and generative artificial intelligence for medical education: Potential impact and opportunity. Academic Medicine, 99(1), 22–27. https://doi.org/10.1097/ACM.0000000000005439

Bulut, O., & Yildirim-Erbasli, S. N. (2022). Automatic story and item generation for reading comprehension assessments with transformers. International Journal of Assessment Tools in Education, 9(Special Issue), 72-87. https://doi.org/10.21449/ijate.1124382

Chen, L. (2025). Making sense of the uncommon-sense: A Linguistic exploration of disciplinary discourse in English-medium MBBS (Bachelor of medicine and Bachelor of Surgery) programs in China. English for Specific Purposes, 82, 66-84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esp.2025.11.006

Cui, Y., Liu, T., Che, W., Chen, Z., & Wang, S. (2022). Teaching machines to read, answer and explain. IEEE/ACM Transactions on Audio, Speech, and Language Processing, 30, 1483-1492. https://doi.org/10.1109/TASLP.2022.3156789

De Winter, J. C. (2024). Can ChatGPT pass high school exams on English language comprehension? International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education, 34(3), 915–930. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40593-023-00372-z

Donthu, N., Kumar, S., Mukherjee, D., Pandey, N., & Lim, W. M. (2021). How to conduct a bibliometric analysis: An overview and guidelines. Journal of Business Research, 133, 285–296. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2021.04.070

Dwivedi, Y. K., Kshetri, N., Hughes, L., Slade, E. L., Jeyaraj, A., Kar, A. K., Baabdullah, A. M., Koohang, A., Raghavan, V., Ahuja, M., Albanna, H., Albashrawi, M. A., Al-Busaidi, A. S., Balakrishnan, J., Barlette, Y., Basu, S., Bose, I., Brooks, L., Buhalis, D., Carter, L., … Wright, R. (2023). So what if ChatGPT wrote it? Multidisciplinary perspectives on opportunities, challenges and implications of generative conversational AI for research, practice and policy. International Journal of Information Management, 71, 102642. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2023.102642

Dwivedi, Y. K., Rana, N. P., Jeyaraj, A., Clement, M., & Williams, M. D. (2019). Re-examining the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT): Towards a revised theoretical model. Information Systems Frontiers, 21(3), 719–734. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10796-017-9774-y

Guan, B., Zhu, X., & Yuan, S. (2024). A T5-based interpretable reading comprehension model with more accurate evidence training. Information Processing & Management, 61(2), 103584. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ipm.2023.103584

Kazi, S., Khoja, S., & Daud, A. (2023). A survey of deep learning techniques for machine reading comprehension. Artificial Intelligence Review, 56(Suppl 2), 2509-2569. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10462-023-10583-4

Kleinberg, J. (2002). Bursty and hierarchical structure in streams. In Proceedings of the Eighth ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining (pp. 91–101). ACM. https://doi.org/10.1145/775047.775061

Lee, J. H., Shin, D., & Noh, W. (2023). Artificial intelligence-based content generator technology for young English-as-a-foreign-language learners’ reading enjoyment. RELC Journal, 54(2), 508-516. https://doi.org/10.1177/00336882231165060

Li, S., & Xu, J. (2023). MRC-Sum: An MRC framework for extractive summarization of academic articles in natural sciences and medicine. Information Processing & Management, 60(5), 103467. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ipm.2023.103467

Lim, S. P., Che Yob, F. S. S., Wong, R. M. M., & Camara, J. S. (2025). Mobile gaming in education: A bibliometric analysis of trends and performance. International Journal of Evaluation and Research in Education, 14(4), 2676. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijere.v14i4.32991

Lin, Z., & Chen, H. (2024). Investigating the capability of ChatGPT for generating multiple-choice reading comprehension items. System, 123, 103344. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2024.103344

Liu, Q., Mao, R., Geng, X., & Cambria, E. (2023). Semantic matching in machine reading comprehension: An empirical study. Information Processing & Management, 60(2), 103145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ipm.2022.103145

Liu, X., & Ardakani, S. P. (2022). A machine learning enabled affective E-learning system model. Education and Information Technologies, 27(7), 9913-9934. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-022-11010-x

Liu, Y., & Qiao, C. (2025). Deep learning-based AI-driven teaching models in Chinese high school English class: A case study of reading lessons. Frontiers in Education, 10, 1591393. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2025.1591393

Ma, T. J., Lee, G. G., Liu, J. S., Lan, R., & Weng, J. H. (2022). Bibliographic coupling: a main path analysis from 1963 to 2020. Information Research, 27(1), 918. https://doi.org/10.47989/irpaper918

Morál-Muñoz, J. A., Herrera-Viedma, E., Santisteban-Espejo, A., & Cobo, M. J. (2020). Software tools for conducting bibliometric analysis in science: An up-to-date review. El Profesional de la Información, 29(1), e290103. https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2020.ene.03

North, K., Zampieri, M., & Shardlow, M. (2023). Lexical complexity prediction: An overview. ACM Computing Surveys, 55(9), 1-42. https://doi.org/10.1145/3557885

Öztürk, O., Kocaman, R., & Kanbach, D. K. (2024). How to design bibliometric research: An overview and a framework proposal. Review of Managerial Science, 18(11), 3333–3361. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11846-024-00738-0

Pan, M., Guo, K., & Lai, C. (2024). Using artificial intelligence chatbots to support English-as-a-foreign language students’ self-regulated reading. RELC Journal. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1177/00336882241264030

Peng, C., Yang, X., Yu, Z., Bian, J., Hogan, W. R., & Wu, Y. (2023a). Clinical concept and relation extraction using prompt-based machine reading comprehension. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association, 30(9), 1486-1493. https://doi.org/10.1093/jamia/ocad107

Peng, Y., Wang, Y., & Hu, J. (2023b). Examining ICT attitudes, use and support in blended learning settings for students’ reading performance: Approaches of artificial intelligence and multilevel model. Computers & Education, 203, 104846. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2023.104846

Peña Acuña, B., & Durão, R. C. F. (2024). Learning English as a second language with artificial intelligence for prospective teachers: a systematic review. Frontiers in Education, 9(03). https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2024.1490067

Pohl, N. B., Derector, E., Rivlin, M., Bachoura, A., Tosti, R., Kachooei, A. R., & Fletcher, D. J. (2024). A quality and readability comparison of artificial intelligence and popular health website education materials for common hand surgery procedures. Hand Surgery and Rehabilitation, 43(3), 101723. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hansur.2024.101723

Rees, G. P., & Lew, R. (2024). The effectiveness of OpenAI GPT-generated definitions versus definitions from an English learners’ dictionary in a lexically orientated reading task. International Journal of Lexicography, 37(1), 50-74. https://doi.org/10.1093/ijl/ecad030

Rogers, A., Gardner, M., & Augenstein, I. (2023). Qa dataset explosion: A taxonomy of nlp resources for question answering and reading comprehension. ACM Computing Surveys, 55(10), 1-45. https://doi.org/10.1145/3560260

Shafiee Rad, H. (2025). Reinforcing L2 reading comprehension through artificial intelligence intervention: Refining engagement to foster self regulated learning. Smart Learning Environments, 12(1), 23. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40561-025-00377-2

Shin, D., & Lee, J. H. (2023). Can ChatGPT make reading comprehension testing items on par with human experts. Language Learning & Technology, 27(3), 27-40. https://doi.org/10.64152/10125/73530

Shin, D., Kwon, S. K., & Lee, Y. (2025). Examining the efficacy of generative artificial intelligence in item generation: comparative analysis of human-developed and AI-generated reading tests. Education and Information Technologies, 1-27. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-025-13683-6

UNESCO. (2021). AI and education: Guidance for policymakers. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. https://doi.org/10.54675/PCSP7350

Wang, X., Zhong, Y., Huang, C., & Huang, X. (2024). ChatPRCS: A personalized support system for English reading comprehension based on ChatGPT. IEEE Transactions on Learning Technologies, 17, 1722-1736. https://doi.org/10.1109/TLT.2024.3405747

Wangdi, T., & Shimray, R. (2025). AI-powered Read Theory as a self-access learning platform to enhance EFL learners’ reading enjoyment and comprehension skills: A posthumanist perspective. Studies in Self-Access Learning Journal, 16(2), 85–102. https://doi.org/10.37237/160209

Wider, W., Shareefa, M., Moosa, V., Ng, M. L., Isa, A. M. B. M. Fauzi, M. A., & Thant, Y. M. (2025). Mapping the terrain of social-emotional learning: A bibliometric study on its past, present, and future. School Mental Health, 17, 1097–1112. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12310-025-09781-y

Wu, J., Wang, Y., Chen, F., Yin, X., & He, Y. (2025). Impact of AI-powered adaptive learning platforms on English reading proficiency: Evidence from structural equation modeling. IEEE Access, 13, 3571055. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2025.3571055

Xia, Z., Lyu, S., Chen, C. H., & Liu, B. (2024). An interpretable English reading proficiency detection model in an online learning environment: A study based on eye movement. Learning and Individual Differences, 109, 102407. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2023.102407

Xu, Y., Aubele, J., Vigil, V., Bustamante, A. S., Kim, Y. S., & Warschauer, M. (2022). Dialogue with a conversational agent promotes children’s story comprehension via enhancing engagement. Child Development, 93(2), e149-e167. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.13708

Yan, W., Li, B., & Lowell, V. L. (2025). Integrating artificial intelligence and extended reality in language education: A systematic literature review (2017–2024). Education Sciences, 15(8), 1066. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci15081066

Yang, M., Li, C., Shen, Y., Wu, Q., Zhao, Z., & Chen, X. (2020). Hierarchical human-like deep neural networks for abstractive text summarization. IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems, 32(6), 2744-2757. https://doi.org/10.1109/TNNLS.2020.3008037

Zawacki-Richter, O., Marín, V. I., Bond, M., & Gouverneur, F. (2019). Systematic review of research on artificial intelligence applications in higher education–where are the educators? International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education, 16(1), 1-27. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41239-019-0171-0

Zhou, B., Lim, S. P., Kabir, N., Asna, A., & Lu, T. N. (2026a). From automation to socio-affective learning: A bibliometric analysis of artificial intelligence in English as a foreign language education. Problems of Education in the 21st Century, 84, 229–245. https://doi.org/10.33225/pec/26.84.229

Zhou, B., Lim, S. P., Kabir, N., Bouteraa, M., & Asna, A. (2026b). Artificial Intelligence in Mobile-Interactive EFL Learning Environments: A Bibliometric Analysis. International Journal of Interactive Mobile Technologies (iJIM), 20(08), 33–49. https://doi.org/10.3991/ijim.v20i08.59677

Downloads

Published

2026-06-30

How to Cite

Bo, Z. ., Pek, L. S. ., Kabir, N. ., Bouteraa, M. ., Miftah, M. Z. ., & Prasantham, P. . (2026). From Algorithms to Pedagogy: A Web of Science-Based Bibliometric Study of Artificial Intelligence in English Reading Education. International Journal of Learning, Teaching and Educational Research, 25(6), 315–333. Retrieved from https://www.ijlter.myres.net/index.php/ijlter/article/view/2900

Issue

Section

Articles

Most read articles by the same author(s)