The Coach-Athlete Relationship and Self-Determination: Assessing an Athlete Centered Scale in Sport
Keywords:
Athlete-centered, coaching, self-determination, sportAbstract
One purpose of the present study was to develop and test the
factor structure of a multidimensional and hierarchical instrument for
measuring athlete-centered coaching called the Athlete-Centered
Coaching Scale (ACS). Another purpose of the study was to validate the
ACS through an inspection of the relation with the three psychological
needs proposed by self-determination theory (SDT). The ACS was
measured by a 16-item scale and was developed to capture important
relational elements based on the theoretical framework developed by
Carl Rogers. Need satisfaction was measured by a modified version of
the Basic Psychological Need Satisfaction at Work Scale (BPNSWS) that
we named the Reduced Need Satisfaction Scale (RNSS). Participants in
the study were 382 junior athletes in different sports such as cross
country skiing, nordic combined, ski jumping, volleyball, handball,
track and field, ice hockey, biathlon, cycling and orienteering. Both the
ACS and the SDT were investigated by means of confirmatory factor
analyses (CFA) before a structural model was tested. The confirmatory
factor analyses supported both a first and second order model of the
ACS constituting the four dimensions of the ACS; (1) Congruence, 2)
Empathy, 3) Positive regard, and 4) Commonness. The structural model
had acceptable fit to data and revealed that the ACS was positively
related to SDT. The present study extends the literature on athlete-centered coaching and its relation to other concepts. The results of the
study are discussed together with limitations and suggestions for
further research.
References
Baard, P. P., Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2004). Intrinsic need satisfaction: A motivational basis of performance and well-being in two work settings. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 34, 2045-2068.
Baumeister, R. F., & Leary, M. R. (1995). The Need to Belong: Desire for Interpersonal Attachments as a Fundamental Human Motivation. Psychological Bulletin, 117, 497-529.
Bowlby, J. (1979). The making and breaking of affectional bonds. London: Tavistock.
Blom, L. C., Watson II, J. C., & Spadaro, N. (2010). The impact of a coaching intervention on the coach-athlete dyad and athlete sport experience. Athletic Insight- The Online Journal of Sport Psychology, 12. Retrieved from http://www.athleticinsight.com/ Vol12Iss3/Feature.htm.
Brookfield, S. D. (2009). The power of critical theory for adult learning and teaching. Berkshire: Open University Press.
Byrne, B. M. (2010). Structural equation modeling with AMOS: basic concepts, applications, and programming. New York: Routledge.
Cassidy, T., Jones, R. & Potrac, P. (2009). Understanding sports coaching: the social, cultural and pedagogical foundations of coaching practice. Abingdon: Routledge.
Chelladurai, P. (2007). Leadership in sports. In G. Tenenbaum., & R. C. Eklund (Eds.), The handbook of sport psychology (3rd edition, pp. 113-135). New York: Wiley.
Côté, J., & Gilbert, W. (2009). An integrative definition of coaching effectiveness and expertise. International Journal of Sport Science and Coaching, 4, 307-232.
Cushion, C., & Jones, R. L. (2006). Power, discourse and symbolic violence in professional youth soccer: The case of Albion F.C, Sociology of Sport Journal, 23, 142-161.
Cushion, C., & Jones, R. L. (2012). A Bourdieusian analysis of cultural reproduction: socialisation and the 'hidden curriculum' in professional football, Sport, Education and Society, iFirst Article, 1-23.
De Charms, R. (1968). Personal Causation. New York: Academic Press.
Deci, E. L. (1975). Intrinsic motivation. New York: Plenum.
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1985). Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in human behavior. New York: Plenum.
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2002). Handbook of self-determination research. Rochester, New York: University of Rochester Press.
Everett, J. (2002). Organisational research and the praxeology of Pierre Bourdieu, Organisational Research Methods, 5, 56-80.
Hargie, O. D., Dickson, D., & Tourish, D. (2004). Communication skills for effective management. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Harter, S. (1983). Developmental perspectives on the self-system. In P. H. Mussen (Ed.), Handbook of Child Psychology, (Volume IV, 4th edition, pp. 275-385). New York: Wiley.
Hill, K. L. (2001). Frameworks for sport psychologists: enhancing sport performance. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
Horn, T. S. (2002). Coaching effectiveness in the sports domain. In T. S. Horn (Ed.) Advances in sport psychology (2nd edition, pp. 309-354). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
Hu, L.-t., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6, 1-55.
Jones, R. L. (2001). Applying empowerment in coaching: some considerations. In L. Kidman (Ed.) Developing decision-makers: an empowerment approach to coaching. Christchurch: Innovative.
Jones, R. L. (2006). The sports coach as educator: re-conceptualising sports coaching. Routledge: Taylor & Francis Group, London.
Jones. R. L., & Wallace, M. (2006). The coach as orchestrator. In R. L. Jones (Ed.), The sports coach as educator: Re-conceptualising sports coaching, (pp.51-64). London: Routledge.
Jones, R. & Standage, M. (2006). First among equals: shared leadership in the coaching context. In R. L. Jones (Ed.), The sports coach as educator: re-conceptualising sports coaching, (pp. 65-76). London: Routledge.
Jones, R. L., Armour, K. M., & Potrac, P. (2004). Sports coaching cultures: From practice to theory. London: Routledge.
Jones, R. L., Potrac, P., Cushion, C., & Ronglan, L. T. (2011). The sociology of sports coaching. London: Routledge.
Jowett, S. Jowett, S., & Cockerill, I. M. (2002). Incompatibility in the coach–athlete relationship. In I. M. Cockerill (Ed.), Solutions in sport psychology. (pp. 16–31) London: Thompson Learning.
Kidman, L. (2001). Developing decision makers: an empowerment approach to coaching. Christchurch: Innovative Print Communications.
Kidman, L. (2005). Athlete-centred coaching: developing inspired and inspiring people. Christchurch: Innovative Print Communications.
Lyle, J. (1999). Coaching philosophy and coaching behaviour. In J. L. Cross, & J. Lyle (Eds.), The coaching process: Principles and practice for sport (pp. 25–46). Oxford: Butterworth-Heineman.
Lyle, J. (2002). Sports coaching concepts: a framework for coaches’ behaviour. London: Routledge.
Mageau, G. A., & Vallerand, R. J. (2003). The coach-athlete relationship: A motivational model. Journal of Sports Sciences, 21, 883-904.
Moen, F., & Federici, R. A. (2011). Perceptions of coach competence and perceived need satisfaction: Assessing a Norwegian Coach Competence Scale. The International Journal of Coaching in Organizations, 8, 124-138.
Nelson, L., Cushion, C. J., Potrac, P., & Groom, R. (2012). Carl Rogers, learning and educational practice: critical considerations and applications in sports coaching. Sport, Education and Society, 1-19.
Penney, D. (2006). Coaching as teaching: new acknowledgements in practice. In R. L. Jones (Ed.), The sports coach as educator: re-conceptualising sports coaching (pp. 25-36). London: Routledge.
Penney, D. & Chandler, T. (2000). Physical education: what future(s)? Sport, Education and Society, 5, 71-87.
Potrac, P. & Cassidy, T. (2006). The coach as ‘a more capable other. In R. L. Jones (Ed.), The sports coach as educator: re-conceptualising sports coaching (pp. 39-50).London: Routledge.
Potrac, P. & Jones, R. (2009). Micro-political workings in semi-professional football coaching, Sociology of Sport Journal, 26, 557-577.
Potrac, P. & Marshall, P. (2010). Arlie Russell Hochschild: the managed heart, feeling rules, and emotional labour: coaching as an emotional endeavour. In R. L. Jones, P. Potrac, C. Cushion, & L. T Ronglan, (Eds.), The sociology of sports coaching (pp. 54-66). London: Routledge.
Potrac, P., Jones, R. L., & Cushion, C. J. (2007). Understanding power and the coach’s role in professional English soccer: A preliminary investigation of coach behaviour. Soccer and Society, 8, 33–49.
Rogers, C. (1951). Client-centered Therapy: Its Current Practice, Implications and Theory. London: Constable.
Rogers, C. (1959). A Theory of Therapy, Personality and Interpersonal Relationships as Developed in the Client-centered Framework. In S. Koch (Ed.), Psychology: A Study of a Science. Vol. 3: Formulations of the Person and the Social Context. New York: McGraw Hill.
Rogers, C. R. (1969). Freedom to learn. Columbus: Merrill Publishing.
Rogers, C. (1986). Carl Rogers on the Development of the Person-Centered Approach. Person-Centered Review, 1, 257-259.
Ryan, R. M. (1995). Psychological needs and the facilitation of integrative processes. Journal of Personality, 63, 397-427.
Ryan, R. M., & Connell, J. P. (1989). Perceived locus of causality and internalization: Examining reasons for acting in two domains. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 749-761.
Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2007). Using multivariate statistics. Boston: Pearson/Allyn and Bacon.
Turner, B. S. (2000). Preface. In B. S. Turner (Ed.), The Blackwell companion to social theory (2nd edition pp. xiii-xviii ), Oxford: Blackwell.
White, R. W. (1959). Motivation reconsidered: The concept of Competence. Psychological Review, 66, 297-333.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2014 Roger Andre Federici, Frode Moen
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
All articles published by IJLTER are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial No-Derivatives 4.0 International License (CCBY-NC-ND4.0).
