A Qualitative Exploration of Parents' Experiences of Homeschooling in the United Arab Emirates: Motivations and Challenges

Authors

  • Reem Thani AlDhaheri

Keywords:

Homeschooling; alternative schooling; alternative education; educational policy; parents’ experiences

Abstract

Homeschooling in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) is an understudied phenomenon despite the growing numbers of homeschoolers. Controversies about homeschooling and its impact on children’s well-being create a social stigma around families that choose to homeschool their children for various reasons. This study explored the experiences of homeschoolers in the UAE, specifically, the motivations for homeschooling and the challenges homeschooling families face during the experience. The study followed a qualitative exploratory approach using a semi-structured interview. The sample consisted of 16 parents of different nationalities living in the UAE. Data were analyzed using a thematic approach to gain an in-depth understanding of participants’ experiences. The findings revealed that parents in the UAE homeschool their children for various reasons including their desire to provide a child-centered education. The findings also showed that the main concern homeschoolers have is the absence of a legal framework for homeschooling in the UAE. The study suggested creating an open dialogue where homeschoolers in the UAE can share their experiences with policymakers for a better understanding and a possible amendment to the current educational laws and policies that don’t officially recognize homeschooling. Although this study fills the gap in the literature concerning homeschooling in the UAE, more research is needed to understand the phenomenon and provide practical recommendations.

https://doi.org/10.26803/ijlter.24.10.14

References

Abdulla, N. (2025, January 3). UAE: Why some parents opt to homeschool their children. Khaleej Times. https://www.khaleejtimes.com/uae/education/uae-why-some-parents-opt-to-homeschool-their-children

AlDhaheri, R. (2024). Parental motivations for homeschooling in the United Arab Emirates. In Interdisciplinary approaches for educators' and learners’ well-being: Transforming education for sustainable development (pp. 187–202). Springer Nature. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-65215-8_15

Banks, J., Forlin, C., & Chambers, D. (2023). Home-schooling in the Republic of Ireland. British Journal of Special Education, 50(4), 394–402. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8578.12468

Batts, C., Kristof, J., & Yohe, K. (2024). “That percentage of safer”: A mixed-methods analysis of homeschool parents’ perspectives of school safety. Journal of School Choice, 18(4), 609–637. https://doi.org/10.1080/15582159.2024.2422245

Boschee, B. F., & Boschee, F. (2011). A profile of homeschooling in South Dakota. Journal of School Choice, 5(3), 281–299. https://doi.org/10.1080/15582159.2011.604982

Bosetti, L. (2004). Determinants of school choice: Understanding how parents choose elementary schools in Alberta. Journal of Education Policy, 19(4), 387–405. https://doi.org/10.1080/0268093042000227465

Bowe, R., Ball, S., & Gewirtz, S. (1994). Parental choice, consumption and social theory: The operation of micro?markets in education. British Journal of Educational Studies, 42(1), 38–52. https://doi.org/10.1080/00071005.1994.9973982

Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa

Burden?Leahy, S. (2009). Globalisation and education in the postcolonial world: The conundrum of the higher education system of the United Arab Emirates. Comparative Education, 45(4), 525–544. https://doi.org/10.1080/03050060903391578

Burns, T., & Roszkowska, E. (2016). Rational choice theory: Toward a psychological, social, and material contextualization of human choice behavior. Theoretical Economics Letters, 6(2), 195–207. https://doi.org/10.4236/tel.2016.62022

Chase, S. L., & Morrison, K. (2018). Implementation of multicultural education in unschooling and its potential. International Journal of Multicultural Education, 20(3), 39–58. https://doi.org/10.18251/ijme.v20i3.1632

Cheng, A., & Hamlin, D. (2023). Contemporary homeschooling arrangements: An analysis of three waves of nationally representative data. Educational Policy, 37(5), 1444–1466. https://doi.org/10.1177/08959048221103795

Chinazzi, A. (2021). Home education: Reshaping teachers and parents’ responsibilities in the era of intensive parenting. In European Conference on Education: Official Conference Proceedings. The International Academic Forum (IAFOR).

Chinazzi, A. (2023). A social contract for home education: A framework for the homeschooling debate. Encyclopaideia – Journal of Phenomenology and Education, 27(65), 35–48. https://doi.org/10.6092/issn.1825-8670/15312

Central Intelligence Agency. (2025, September 3). The World Factbook: United Arab Emirates. Retrieved September 11, 2025, from https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-arab-emirates/

Cochran, C. (1999). A radical ideology for home education: The journey of John Holt from school critic to home school advocate: 1964–1985. Home School Researcher, 13(3), 1–10. https://nheri.org/home-school-researcher-a-radical-ideology-for-home-education-the-journey-of-john-holt-from-school-critic-to-home-school/

Collom, E. (2005). The ins and outs of homeschooling: The determinants of parental motivations and student achievement. Education and Urban Society, 37(3), 307–335. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013124504274190

Cooper, B., & Sureau, J. (2007). The politics of homeschooling: New developments, new challenges. Educational Policy, 21(1), 110–131. https://doi.org/10.1177/0895904806296856

Creswell, J. (2009). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (3rd ed.). Sage.

Curry, K. (2018). When parents choose: The influence of a school of choice on family engagement and perception of desired educational outcomes. Voices of Reform, 1(1), 41–56. https://doi.org/10.32623/1.00005

Davidson, C. (2008). From traditional to formal education in the lower Arabian Gulf, 1820–1971. History of Education, 37(5), 633–643. https://doi.org/10.1080/00467600701430020

Royal Decree No. 31/2023 issuing the School Education Law. (2023, May 18). https://decree.om/2023/rd20230031/

Dills, A. (2022). Homeschooling and child safety: Are kids safer at home? Journal of School Choice, 16(4), 529–554. https://doi.org/10.1080/15582159.2022.2113355

Dwyer, J. G. (2022). Homeschooling reconsidered. Philosophical Inquiry in Education, 29(1), 36–41. https://doi.org/10.7202/1088379ar

Eldeeb, M., Diab, T., Alkubish, Y., & Qadhi, S. (2024). Exploring homeschooling: In-depth meta-analysis of its impact on learning motivation and factors influencing family choices. International Journal of Learning, Teaching and Educational Research, 23(4), 414–443. https://doi.org/10.26803/ijlter.23.4.23

Farhat, J. (2024). Beyond the classroom: Expatriate homeschooling experiences in the UAE (Policy Paper 78). https://doi.org/10.1080/00467600701430020

Fatima, S. A., Kaukab, S. R., & Sheikh, I. (2023). Exploring parental perspectives on homeschooling in the context of Pakistan’s educational system. Voyage Journal of Educational Studies, 3(2). https://doi.org/10.58622/vjes.v3i2.44

Fields-Smith, C., & Williams, M. (2009). Motivations, sacrifices, and challenges: Black parents’ decisions to home school. Urban Review, 41, 369–389. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11256-008-0114-x

Glasser, W. (1999). Choice theory: A new psychology of personal freedom. HarperPerennial.

Green-Hennessy, S., & Mariotti, E. (2023). The decision to homeschool: Potential factors influencing reactive homeschooling practice. Educational Review, 75(4), 617–636. https://doi.org/10.1080/00131911.2021.1947196

Hartman, J., & Huttunen, R. (2020). The legality and justifiability of the methods used for monitoring the progress of home-educated children in Finland. Policy Futures in Education, 19(6), 656–670. https://doi.org/10.1177/1478210320965003

Hennink, M., & Kaiser, B. N. (2022). Sample sizes for saturation in qualitative research: A systematic review of empirical tests. Social Science & Medicine, 292, 114523. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.114523

HSLDA. (2019, October 9). Legal status and resources on homeschooling in Qatar. https://hslda.org/post/qatar

Khakim, Z. (2021). The homeschooling alternative. In G. S. Sakeeva (Ed.), Inclusive education in a post-Soviet context: A case of Kazakhstan (pp. 101–137). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-65543-3

Krohn, B. (2021, December 9). Homeschooling in Saudi Arabia. https://homeschoolacademy.com/blog/homeschooling-in-saudi-arabia/

Kunzman, R., & Gaither, M. (2013). Homeschooling: A comprehensive survey of the research. Other Education: The Journal of Educational Alternatives, 2(1), 4–59.

Kunzman, R., & Gaither, M. (2020). Homeschooling: An updated comprehensive survey of the research. Other Education: The Journal of Educational Alternatives, 9(1), 253–336.

Le?ei, A., & Lepi?nik Vodopivec, J. (2014). Implicit theories of educators and William Glasser’s choice theory. Metodi?ki obzori: ?asopis za odgojno-obrazovnu teoriju i praksu, 9(20), 35–46. https://doi.org/10.32728/mo.09.2.2014.04

Li, L. V.-S. (2022). Longitudinal relations between behavioral engagement and academic achievement: The moderating roles of socio-economic status and early achievement. Journal of School Psychology, 94(1), 5–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsp.2022.08.001

Liu, D., Jemni, M., Huang, R., Wang, Y., Tlili, A., & Sharhan, S. (2021). An overview of education development in the Arab region: Insights and recommendations towards Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Smart Learning Institute of Beijing Normal University. https://www.alecso.org/publications/SLIBNU-ALECSO_BOOK.pdf

Lois, J. (2006). Role strain, emotion management, and burnout: Homeschooling mothers’ adjustment to the teacher role. Symbolic Interaction, 29(4), 507–529. https://doi.org/10.1525/si.2006.29.4.507

Loyd, D., Garces-Bacsal, R. M., Aina, C., Butti Al Maktoum, S., Ahmed, A., & Walker, Z. (2023). Examining culturally responsive inclusive education practices in mainstream schools in the United Arab Emirates: A preliminary study to trial an evidence-based framework. Disability & the Global South, 10(1), 2283–2306. https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10178720/1/Examining%20culturally%20reponsive%20practices%20in%20the%20UAE%20-%20DGS.pdf

Lyubitskaya, K., Jankiewicz, S., Knyaginina, N., & Petyakina, E. (2022). Homeschooling in Russia: Barriers and mechanisms to overcome them. Monitoring of Public Opinion: Economic and Social Changes, 1(1), 143–157. https://doi.org/10.14515/monitoring.2022.1.1820

Maguire, M., & Delahunt, B. (2017). Doing a thematic analysis: A practical, step-by-step guide for learning and teaching scholars. All Ireland Journal of Higher Education, 9(3). https://doi.org/10.62707/aishej.v9i3.335

Mann, B. (2021). Homeschooling 2.0: An overview of online learning in K–12 education across the United States. In M. P. Knowles & J. J. Murphy (Eds.), The Wiley handbook of home education (pp. 246–267). Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118926895.ch11

Mazama, A., & Lundy, G. (2014). African American homeschoolers: The force of faith and the reality of race in the homeschooling experience. Religion & Education, 41(3), 256–272. https://doi.org/10.1080/15507394.2014.899869

McCabe, M., Belá?ová, A., & Machovcová, K. (2021). The gift of homeschooling: Adult homeschool graduates and their parents conceptualize homeschooling in North Carolina. Journal of Pedagogy, 12(1), 119–140. https://doi.org/10.2478/jped-2021-0006

McFall, K. (2020). Why American parents choose homeschooling. Filoteknos, 10, 455–469.

Medlin, R. G. (2013). Homeschooling and the question of socialization revisited. Peabody Journal of Education, 88(3), 284–297. https://doi.org/10.1080/0161956X.2013.796825

Moreira, H. A., Moura, F., & Teixeira, P. (2022). Homeschooling, the teaching of controversial issues and the new Brazilian conservatism. Cadernos de Pesquisa, 52, e09693. https://doi.org/10.1590/198053149693_en

Moran, C. (2011). How to regulate homeschooling: Why history supports the theory of parental choice. University of Illinois Law Review, 2011, 1061–1092.

Myers, M. (2023). The unhomely of homeschooling. Sociology, 57(5), 1101–1117. https://doi.org/10.1177/00380385221129943

Nandkeolyar, K. H. (2021, October 6). Everything you need to know about homeschooling in the UAE. Gulf News. https://gulfnews.com/parenting/learning-play/everything-you-need-to-know-about-homeschooling-in-the-uae-1.1633532493141

Nazar, A., & Nasrallah, R. (2024). Uncovering homeschooling in Lebanon: A qualitative-phenomenological exploration of homeschooling realities from parental and educational sector stakeholders’ perspectives. Gulf Education and Social Policy Review, 5(1), 1–26. https://doi.org/10.18502/gespr.v5i1.16588

Purwaningsih, N., & Fauziah, P. Y. (2020). Homeschooling: An alternative education based on potential of children. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Educational Research and Innovation (ICERI 2019) (Vol. 397, pp. 187–193). Atlantis Press. https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.200204.035

Qatar Legal Portal. (2001). Law No. 25 of 2001: Mandatory education. https://www.almeezan.qa/LawArticles.aspx?LawTreeSectionID=12939&lawId=3973&language=en

Government of Dubai. (2025). Rahhal – a Dubai 10X initiative. https://web.khda.gov.ae/en/Guides/Parents/Rahhal-a-Dubai-10X-Initiative

Robey, P., Burdenski, T., Britzman, M., Crowell, J., & Cisse, G. (2011). Systemic applications of choice theory and reality therapy: An interview with Glasser scholars. The Family Journal, 19(4), 427–433. https://doi.org/10.1177/1066480711415038

Rochovská, I., Mazur, P., & Dolinská, E. (2019). Homeschooling in Poland, the Czech Republic, and Slovakia. Education Policy, Management and Quality, 11(2), 64–76. https://doi.org/10.48127/spvk-epmq/19.11.64

Ruslin, R., Mashuri, S., Rasak, M., Alhabsyi, F., & Syam, H. (2022). Semi-structured interview: A methodological reflection on the development of a qualitative research instrument in educational studies. IOSR Journal of Research & Method in Education, 12(1), 22–29. https://doi.org/10.9790/7388-1201052229

Salim, S., & Abdulla, N. (2024, April 15). UAE: Homeschooled in Dubai, 3 sisters shine in world’s best universities. Khaleej Times. https://www.khaleejtimes.com/uae/uae-homeschooled-in-dubai-3-sisters-shine-in-worlds-best-universities

Shofwan, I., Santosa, I., Sutarto, J., Fakhruddin, F., & Soraya, F. (2021). Implementation of cooperative learning model in homeschooling as equality education. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Operations Management (pp. 3438–3446). IEOM Society International. https://doi.org/10.46254/sa02.20210954

Sotomayor, S. (2022). What is ‘roadschooling’ and who does it? A data mining web content analysis. Tourism and Hospitality Research, 23(2), 269–274. https://doi.org/10.1177/14673584221094433

Tabrez, H. (2021, June 14). How to choose a school in the UAE? Gulf News. https://gulfnews.com/living-in-uae/education/how-to-choose-a-school-in-the-uae-1.1574684452166

Tan, M. (2019). Homeschooling in Singaporean Chinese families: Beyond pedagogues and ideologues. Educational Studies, 46(2), 135–153. https://doi.org/10.1080/03055698.2019.1584850

Thomas, J. (2016). Instructional motivations: What can we learn from homeschooling families? The Qualitative Report, 21(11), 2073–2089. https://doi.org/10.46743/2160-3715/2016.2425

UAE Government. (2021, March 11). Home-schooling stream. UAE Government Portal. https://u.ae/en/information-and-services/education/continuous-integrated-education/home-schooling-stream

UAE Government. (2024a, February 22). Private schools in the UAE. UAE Government Portal. https://u.ae/en/information-and-services/education/school-education-k-12/private-schools-in-the-uae

UAE Government. (2024b, June 4). Education of women. UAE Government Portal. https://u.ae/en/information-and-services/social-affairs/women/education-of-women

UAE Government. (2025, June 2). Admission to the UAE government schools. UAE Government Portal. https://u.ae/en/information-and-services/education/school-education-k-12/admission-to-uae-government-schools

UAE Legislations. (2022, October 3). Federal Law by Decree No. (39) of 2022 concerning compulsory education. https://uaelegislation.gov.ae/en/legislations/1565

Union Atlas. (2022). Overview of education. Federal Geographic Information Center. https://atlas.fgic.gov.ae/uaeatlas/Education/EducationHistory?lang=en

Valiente, C., Spinrad, T. L., Ray, B. D., Eisenberg, N., & Ruof, A. (2022). Homeschooling: What do we know and what do we need to learn? Child Development Perspectives, 16(1), 48–53. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdep.12441

West, R. L. (2009). The harms of homeschooling. Philosophy & Public Policy Quarterly, 29(3/4), 7–13. https://doi.org/10.13021/g8pppq.292009.104

Wilson, T. (2016). Interest, not preference: Dewey and reframing the conceptual vocabulary of school choice. Educational Theory, 66(1–2), 147–163. https://doi.org/10.1111/edth.12159

Downloads

Published

2025-10-30